Functions in the Human Body

Functions in the Human BodyPart ADigestive ashesThe stomachive system is the system of organs that takes forage in, the digestive system is a set of organs that transforms whatever we eat into substances that commode be used in the consistence for cleverness, growth and repair. The main suffices of the digestive system atomic number 18 ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defection. reader (Class Notes 2015)Explain the functions of individually part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above?The M come forwardhThe backtalk is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the indoors of the m surfaceh. The language is a muscular organ and has many taste buds, which argon accountable for the tastes sweet, sour, bitter and salt. You would overhear a range of different flavours as the tongue moves the food around the mouth. The food in your mouth moves from tooth to tooth to ha ve it do into a pulp with the aid of saliva. The tongue would then pass the pulp (bolus) stack the throat.There be four types of odontiasis. Individually they have their own functions in the breakdown of food. The first would be the incisors, there be four in for each one jaw. They are sharp, chisel shaped teeth that are used for cutting and biting. Next to these on both sides are the canines, canines are cone shaped teeth frequently called the eye-tooth. They have a sharp point and you would use them to tear food. Theres to in each jaw. Next are the premolars, there are four of them in each jaw, they would be used for crushing and crunching of food. There blunt broad teeth with two sharp ridges. Molars are similar to premolars and are six to each jaw, they are also blunt broad teeth tho have a larger appear land. Each has four surface points. The salivary glands there are three parts of the salivary gland you have the parotid gland that is placed below the ear, the subma ndibular and the sublingual gland, they are situated below the tongue. Liquid called saliva is secreted from them. It contains piddle, mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate the food with mucus, making it easier to swallow.The OesophagusIts a muscular render that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. The food moves by it by a muscular contraction known as peristalsis. Its part of the digestive system. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to the stomach. The muscles contract and relax creating a wave like motion on the tube. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease and oil the passage of food. Once food touches the end of the oesophagus it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter.The StomachThe stomach is a C-shaped elastic sac. The wall of the stomach is a grouping of layers of muscle fibre with an inner mucous membrane. The mucous membrane has a lot of doublings called rugae. When the stomach is full is will st retch out allowing expansion, then it would contract when it empties. When the stomach is full it can hold up to approx. 4 litres (1 gallon) of food.The LiverThe liver has numerous functions, its main function inside the digestive system is to sour the nutrients absorbed from the half-size gut. Bile from the liver secreted into the small catgut also plays a significant role in digesting fat. The liver only makes bile.The Gall vesicaThe gallbladder is a pear-shaped deep structure locate under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Its main function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow / brown digestive enzyme formed by the liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract.The PancreasThe pancreas is a greyish pink gland organ its placed in the upper abdomen, it lies behind the stomach and intestines (guts). It is or so the size of a hand. The pancreas has to major functions, one of them is to make digestive enzymes which help us to digest food. Enzymes are speci al chemicals which help speed up your frames processes. The second one makes hormones which regulate our metabolism. Hormones are chemicals that can be released into the bloodstream.The Large IntestineThe large intestine is a thick tube thats around 1.5 metres (5 feet) long it receives ball up from the small intestine, it hangs around the small intestine in an arch shape. It involves the cecum, colon, rectum, and the anal canal. The colon holds bacterium which breaks down any rest food and makes some significant vitamins. It also deals with waste within the system.Small IntestineThe small intestine is approximately six metres (18 feet) long. 90% of the digestive process takes place here in the small intestine. Its a coiled tube that has three parts which are the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The wall of the whole of the small intestine is significantly folded, each of the villi contains more projections called microvilli that absorbs food and passes it onto the capillarie s. Muscles of the walls contract and relax so that the villi sway about.AppendixThe appendix is a narrow tube attached to caecum and it is about 9 cm long. The appendix is not a vital organ you can live without it. The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. A theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria rebooting the digestive system aft(prenominal) diarrheal illnesses.RectumThe rectum is a short straight section of the alimentary canal, it leads from the colon to the anus and thus to the outside world. A human rectum is approximately 12cm long.The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine. It is usually empty only receiving the contents of the colon called faeces when they are ready to be passed out of the anus.The AnusThe anus starts at the bottom of the rectum. The anorectal line separates the anus from the re ctum. Tissue called fascia surrounds the anus and joins it to nearby structures. Circular muscles named the external sphincter form the wall of the anus and hold it closed. The glands in your body discharge fluid into the anus to keeps it surfaces moist.Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body.Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are all in the body. Protein helps the body to grow, it builds muscle and gives you energy. Protein accounts for 16% of a persons total body weight the reason for this is because connective interweave, skin, hair and muscle are all made up from protein. Carbohydrates are sugars the body uses for energy, simple carbohydrates give the body quick energy. Fat is also another way it helps the body grow, your body needs fat to process vitamins. unsaturated and monosaturated fats are good for your body.SourceFunctionDigestionProteinsFishRed MeatBeansDairy ProductsThe functions of protein are to help the body to grow and repairs any damage make to your body .i.e. Cuts.The Stomach the enzymes pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach breaking it down into large polypeptides.The Small Intestine- enzymes from the pancreas, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break the large polypeptides into smaller chains. Finally the small intestine breaks up the small polypeptides into individual amino acids ready for absorption.FatsDairy ProductsMeatOlive oilAvocadosSunflower oilThe functions of fat are to help the body grow.In the small intestine, fat are emulsified by bile salts from the liver. Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol ready for absorption.CarbohydratesRicePotatoesPastaCerealsFlourThe functions of carbohydrates are a release of energySalivary amylase creates the breakdown of polysaccharides in the mouth.Part BDraw a diagram of a typical cell, and state the function of each of its organelles?Cells are the most important uni ts of life. Our bodies contain over 100 trillion cells, they do everything in a human body from providing structure and stability to providing energy and a means of reproduction.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Cell membraneThe cell membrane forms the outer edge of the cell and allows certain materials move in or out of the cell.CytoplasmCytoplasm is a gel-like material inside the cell that contains water and nutrients for the cell.NucleusThe nucleus directs the activity of the cell and contains chromosomes with DNA that contains all genetic information.nuclear MembraneNuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.RibosomesRibosomes make protein for the cell.Golgi BodyGolgi bodies are used in the cell for packaging and secreting of energy.LysosomesLysosomes are chemicals that are used to digest waste.VacuolesVacuoles are storage areas for the cell.MitochondriaMitochondria breaks down food and releases energy to the cell, its like a powerhouse as it provides the cell with energy.End oplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum moves materials around the cell. sort winds into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice)There are four main tissue groups within the body, there are some functions and examples below for the four main groups of tissue within the body. All four cells work together in the body.Type Of TissueFunction role modelEpithelialThe functions of the epithelial are that the epithelial cell from the skin protects underlying tissue from injuries, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and excessive loss of water. A sensory(prenominal) stimulus penetrates specialised epithelial cells.Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body and aid protection absorption and secretion, its made of closely packed cells. The cells are arranged in continuous flat sheets. They form the covering of all body surfaces.ConnectiveThe function of the connective tissue is to join corporate structu res like bones and muscles together and it holds the tissue together in their place.Connective tissue connects all other tissues in the body. It consists of many different types of cells in the body and is surrounded by non-living fluid.MuscleThe functions of muscle tissue are that muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles and provides rise to muscles. Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body.Muscle tissue is tissue that contracts and relax there are 3 types in the body, the skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue.NervousThe functions of nervous tissue are to form communications network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals.The nervous tissue forms the organs of the nervous system its made up of a special kind of cell called a neuron its also called a nerve cell. Nerve cells are long and narrow. A human has 100 billion nerve cells.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Explain the difference amidst benign and malignant neoplasms?A tumour develops when a group of cells escape from their normal orderly process of cell division and they begin to multiply in an uncontrolled way, after a while plenty of these abnormal cells will be produced to form a lump, that is called a growth or a tumour. Two important differences between benign and malignant tumours are invasion and spread.BenignBenign tumours do not spread they can grow to a very large size, but it wouldnt go to other parts of the body. Benign tumours push the surrounding normal tissues and organs out of their way. Occasionally pressure from a benign tumour could damage surrounding structures but the benign tumour never invades into those structures. There are several hundred different types of benign tumours that can develop in our bodies.MalignantMalignant Tumours have the power to spread by sending off seelings of tumour which can pass through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. The Seedlings would then sett le in other organs and form what are called secondary tumours or metastases. A malignant mind tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other parts of the whizz and spine, brain tumours are graded between 1 and 4, and a malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4. Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers that mean it starts in one part of the body and spreads to the brain. The particular tumours are the ones that start in the brain. The word cancer only relates to malignant tumours. With malignant tumours it eats away and destroys the normal tissue around the affected area in which it has started off at.The difference between benign and malignant tumours is that a benign tumour is non-cancerous were as a malignant tumour is cancerous. If has nothing to do with frequency in some of the organs of the body, benign tumours can be very large in size were a cancerous tumour can be very small.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Part CLabel the urinary system using the di agram overleaf.The urinary system is one of the humans bodys waste disposal units and its filtration unit. It contains the kidneys, ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder and the urethra. The urinary system helps empty the body from potentially harmful waste substances like urea and alcohol. It does this through filtration and excretion.Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system?The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The major function of the urinary system is to get rid of all waste products and excess fluid from the body. The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. The urinary system produces a hormone which is responsible for compulsory the rate at which red blood cells are made and an enzyme is responsible for controlling blood pressure. inwardly each kidney there are approximately 1 million tiny nephrons, they are the units that clean the blood. All of the funct ions are needed for helping the body to maintain homeostasis also known as balance.Urinary SystemStructureFunctionKidneysThe structures of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra they all work together in the body. The kidneys are dark red, bean-shaped organs, its about 11cm long Inside each kidney there a 1 million tiny nephrons.The functions of the kidneys that they filter blood in order to get rid of wastes and excess water. The waste and water would be excreted as urine. The kidneys filter about 200 quarts of blood a day and produces about 2 quarts of waste and extra fluid.UretersThe structure of the ureters is that the ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.The functions of the ureters is that the ureters is the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, all humans have two ureters one is attached to each kidney.BladderThe structures of the bladder is that sometimes its called the urinary bladder its a sac-like organ in the pelvic cavity.The functions of the bladder are the bladder is a reservoir for urine. The bladder has an internal sphincter that relaxes when the walls contract, thus opening and emptying the urine into the urethra.UrethraThe structure of the urethra is that its a narrow tube passing from the bladder to the outside of the body. Its shorter in women making them more susceptible to infection.The function of the urethra is to take urine from inside the body (the bladder) to outside. In men the urethra is the passage for semen.Ref (www.google.co.uk) (Class Notes 2015)Draw the structure of a nephron and explain how it produces urine?A nephron is an important functional part of the kidneys. Both kidneys have around a million minute nephrons. Nephrons reside in the cortex and medulla it produces urine from filtrate, filtrate is the fluid that remains in the nephron after filtration its then outback(a) from the bloodstream passing i t to the bladder, a nephron is an intricate structure in the body it serves two purposes it filters and removes waste products and maintains the bodys water supply.Ref (Class Notes 2015) consult and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system?There are a lot of diseases and disorders that affect the urinary system in different ways.Kidney StonesKidney stones are deposits of substances found in urine and would form solid stones in the renal pelvis, bladder or the ureters. It can be extremely painful and if they needed removing it would be done by surgery.GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular kidney disease in the kidneys the filters become inflamed and scarred and would slowly lose their ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood to produce urine.CystitisCystitis is an inflammation on the bladder and would cause a person pain when passing urine. Sometimes its caused from infection. Its very common in women because of the part of the shorter length of the female urethra.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Nicole OBrien